Journal EL-Bahith in Human’s and Social’s Sciences

The Role of Health Care in Achieving Satisfaction Among Hospitalized Persons: A Field Study at the Specialized Hospital In Tebessa City

2026-04-15T09:46:17+01:00

Society is an overall structure that includes many systems that perform different functions, including productive organizations and service institutions, for the perpose of preserving the survival of the soceity and its devlopment. Each system within this structure has a specific function that meets the needs of the society as individuals and as groups. Among these important system is the health system ; the latter requires physical and other means and requirements that are represented in human ressources such as human efforts, mental capabilities and thoughts. Any deficiency in this system or any other system in the structure leads to a discruption in the overall of the society. This function is performed by the goverment as well as the communities. Based on this the aim of this research is to know to what extent does this institution functions as it should be by previding supplies and maternal and child care institution and specialized human resources such as doctors and their assistants and health protection agents. To do so the research focused on the description of the department obstetrice and gyneology at Tebessa hospital where a sample of 70 hospitalized women were questioned about their views of the level of services provided by the departement where the results. obtained were very good satisfaction

La réalité des problèmes de scolarisation chez les enfants implants cochléaires

2026-04-15T09:49:42+01:00

Le manque d'enseignants qualifiés et bien formés dans le domaine de l'éducation spéciale dans les écoles ordinaires peut entraîner l'échec des programmes d'intégration , quel que soit leur potentiel.

L'inclusion peut faire la différence entre les enfants ayant des besoins spéciaux et le reste des élèves de l'école, en particulier le fait que les écoles ordinaires s'appuient sur la réussite scolaire et les notes en tant que critère de base. Et ses formes et justifications

عادات وتقاليد المجتمع التواتي من خلال فتاوى الشيخ مولاي أحمد الطاهري

2026-04-15T10:54:17+01:00

The fatwas of Shaykh Moulay Ahmad al-Taheri are a multi-faceted encyclopaedia of the scholars of the Tawati community during the period in which Sheikh lived in the region. Fatwas were a source of the researcher's knowledge in the social sciences to identify the different customs, traditions and customs that defined the way of life in the community. This article came to reveal the most important customs mentioned by the fatwas of Sheikh Moulay Ahmad on both sides of the abomination and Almdmoh. These customs and traditions prevalent in the fatwas of the Sheikh included various fields; whether religious, social, economic or civilizational. This is what made the fatwas have a great role in the definition of the community in that era, and the extent to which these fatwas contribute to the enrichment of research, not only in the field of jurisprudence, but in the enrichment of social science research.

Analysis of the content of Physical Education and Sports curriculum of the first year middle school ( Cognitive competencies depending on Bloom’s Taxonomy)

2026-04-15T11:00:48+01:00

The objective of the study was to identify the degree of availability of cognitive competencies in accordance with the plaques included in the new Physical Education and Physical Education Curriculum for the first year. To address this problem, we used the analytical descriptive approach because it is more consistent with this study by relying on the quantitative method of judging the objects to be analyzed. The study was conducted within the time limits extended from 04 January 2019 to 03 March of the same year

In order to collect the data from the sample of the study represented in all competencies of the new physical education and sports curriculum for the first year middle school, we designed a six-axis content analysis tool that represents the six levels of the Bloom’s Taxonomy (knowledge, Understanding, Application, Analysis, Synthsis, Evaluation ), Data and Emissions Results The percentages for the calculation of frequencies were used for each level. The results of the study revealed a weakness in the availability of knowledge competencies according to the Bloom platform in the new Physical Education and Sports curriculum for the first year of average

The Septum’s of Burnout among Trainers in disabled Sports

2026-04-15T11:03:58+01:00

The research aims to identify the levels of septum’s of burnout as well as learn the differences in septum’s of Burnout among trainers in a disabled sports by sports activity type variable and variable field experience, to achieve that searches on a sample of 30 trainers during the sports season 2017/2018, to adopt descriptive and applied them measure symptoms of burnout design Hassan Allawi (1996). After processing the raw results shown statistical results: The levels of septum’s of burnout are little, as revealed differences in levels of symptoms of burnout for trainers in disabled sports as a variable type of sports activity and that for collective sports activities in comparison to individual sports activities, as well as differences depending on the variable field experience this for trainers who are (1-5) years of experience compared to those with more experience of 6 years

The problematic political roles between socialism and political practice A monographic study of local elite of the Conseil d'Etat of Tamnghasset

2026-04-15T11:29:27+01:00

The current facts witnessed by the political organizations are the conflicts between what was established for them and the actual practices that solive them. Studies in the Field of management and management have led to the study of the obstructive phénoménal Witham it as they impede their exit from the political frameworks and principles. This is reflected in the society, The problems that arise in the Field highlight the impact of societal culture on the political organisations represented in tribalism and social affiliations and how it works to change the direction of political trends in the organisation and Werther it is a handicap or has another role, especially that it menas Organisation That Is part of society.

In this regard, the study focused on the political practice that defines the political position as a role that gives the actor a social political position in which he embodies a strategy that he drew in the social and political aspects that support the socio political elite within the institution of the Saaabian Council, which concluded with a theoretical approach and approach to the subject, and in which he discussed the historical facts and the results of the evaluation of the society

The role of the family, the school and the group of companions in the interest of the fourth pupils year of intermediate education in cheating

2026-04-15T11:35:07+01:00

The present study aims to understand the role of the family, the school and the group of companions in the interest of the pupils of the fourth year of intermediate education in cheating, the two researchers used the descriptive analytical approach ,to achieve the goal, the two researchers used the a scale of cheating in schools ,three questions were added to the scale , the first concerns the question of the contribution of parents to the level of cheat for their children ,and another question about teachers and a third about companions, and its analysis is mediated by some descriptive and analytical statistical methods , the results of the first three factors contributed to the following levels: The pupil contributes to paying himself up to cheating by 28.68% , the school contributes 16.63% and the professor contributes 16.59% , there are no differences in the factors contributing to cheating according to the pupils' view of sex.

Preparation and submission of social programs in local Algerian radio stations Field study at the regional radio station

2026-04-15T11:40:42+01:00

The social axis in the radio programs of the Relizane radio station in a very important one that is in line with the media objectives, especially the neighborhood, with means describing and treating the problems and social issues affecting the individuals and groups in the community, with information tools, messages and contents, in the presence of experts and specialists in the field of human and social sciences, Bet on interactivity and public participayion as a tool for activating and activating positive social communication, where the instrument and provider of social radio programs is considered the main engine for such etheral spaces, wich is the focus of this paper

Caring for Children with Learning Difficulties through Network Therapy with consultative Clinic and Systemic Family Therapy

2026-04-15T11:44:28+01:00

This field-based study aims to incite a discussion on a new and original subject with the various specialists in the field of therapies, as well as to undertake an evaluation on the ground of the activities related to the Network Therapy and the Consultative Clinic, as promoted in Algeria by the International Organization for the Development of People (CISP) through its integrated team. The principle of Network Therapy practice is that psychologists or social workers cannot expand their areas of intervention unless they were part of a professional network and provided they mastered the social, psychological and therapeutic interventions, as defined by common language parameters agreed upon by all professionals. Such development would enhance their performance, making them ready to face the patients or their overstressed families.

Training at the consultative Clinic is directed towards a pluridisciplinary group of professionals from varied academic backgrounds, and focuses on a unified and common professional language. Mental health professionals have contributed to the development of this participatory approach, in opposition to therapeutic practices characterized by isolation of patients with mental, behavioural or school disorders from their families and their stigmatization, preventing them from having a say in their own therapy. Family Psychotherapy appeared as a result of the positive family involvement, which proved to be beneficial to the patients’ condition, and it set itself to analyse the significance of the family’s influence, as well as the repercussions of having an ill person within it.

What does Network Psychotherapy mean? And how can Systemic Family Therapy contribute to the care of Children with Learning Difficulties?

Protecting privacy in international and Algerian legislation and press offense in the media

2026-04-15T11:51:16+01:00

In this legal and academic study we explain and analyze the concept of privacy or private life by dissecting the most important definitions and concepts according to the legal and ethical pillar issued in the world and Algeria, and the relationship of this privacy with the media and how these means can provide a media message taking into account the ethics of the profession to protect the privacy of the person. On this basis, the legislator has taken preventive measures to stop the abuse of copyright and the protection of privacy, which have been legally protected at the international and local levels. The right to information, and in our research, we have focused on misdemeanors of a reputable reputation and the rights of persons, mainly relating to defamation, insult, incitement and dissemination of information about minors and insults

The pedagogical performance of teacher trainees in the light of general teaching skills, from the point of view of pedagogical inspectors . Primary teachers (model) - practical study in the wilaya of Mostaganem

2026-04-15T11:54:57+01:00

The current study aims to identify the level of trainee teachers' teaching performance from the teacher trainers' perspective. It also aims to reveal any possible differences between the teacher trainers' responses to the trainee teachers' general instructional competencies. The analysis of the responses took into account the variables of gender, specialty, teaching experience and academic qualifications. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher designed a tool to measure the trainee teachers' level of teaching performance. The study was carried out using a sample population of 49 primary education teacher trainers in Mostaganem province. The data analysis and interpretation revealed that the teachers' performance was average in terms of their training, their assessment methods, the effectiveness of their remedial works, and below average in the area of lesson planning. It was also concluded that there were no differences between the teacher trainers' responses to and evaluation of the trainee teachers' general competencies

Early Detection Of People With Learning Disabilities In Early Childhood

2026-04-19T12:00:52+01:00

The purpose of this research is to identify students with early childhood learning disabilities, their characteristics, reasons for their difficulties, and to identify the concept of early detection of early childhood learning disabilities, and the importance of detection, intervention, assessment or early diagnosis, its purposes, procedures, and methods. Methods and tools of early detection, and problems, and ways to overcome (or mitigate) of the intensity, to live in a bright future for our children, and followed the researcher descriptive analytical approach.

* The researcher in this research dealt with the following (or axes): Learning difficulties in early childhood.Causes of learning difficulties in early childhood, Characteristics of pupils with learning difficulties in early childhood, Early detection of people with learning disabilities in early childhood, The importance of detection, intervention or early assessment of people with learning disabilities, The purposes of early detection of learning difficulties reading, Procedures for early detection of reading difficulties.Strategies, methods, methods and tools for early detection of people with learning disabilities, Considerations to be taken before the decision to start the early detection or assessment process and Problems of early detection of people with learning difficulties, and ways to overcome them (or mitigation) of severity.

In light of the results of the research recommended the researcher a set of recommendations, the most important:To care for the care, education, training and rehabilitation of students with learning disabilities in early childhood and to open up bright prospects for them, their families and their society.The need to detect, intervene or early assessment of students with learning disabilities in early childhood to live in a bright future for our children.Improve and develop strategies, methods, methods and tools for early detection of those with learning disabilities in early childhood.

Focus on the detection of developmental learning difficulties in early childhood to address academic and learning difficulties.Maintain the ethics of the profession, feelings, and dignity of people with learning disabilities in early childhood, and their families to give them the ability to adapt, and logical thinking and creativity, innovation and problem solving.

The meaning of life as an indicator of psychologic health in a sample of university youth

2026-04-15T14:33:45+01:00

The study aims at investigating the youth perception to Meaning of Life in the light of some variables such as gender, specializations and educational level. The sample taken is composed of 140 students belong to various specializations and different educational levels. To achieve the aims of the study the researcher applied the scale of meaning of life of Al-abyad (2010). The results of the study showed that: The level of meaning of life among students with relative weight (84.24%). where came the field (Purpose –in- life) in the first rank relative weight, followed by the field (self-transcendence) in second place relative weight (82.18%), then the field came (Responsibility) in third place relative weight (78.42%), and finally the field came (Acceptance & satisfaction) ranked last weight relative (72.66%). There were no significant differences on the scale of meaning in life, depending on sex and educational level. There were no significant differences, in all domains due to specialty, except for the Acceptance & satisfaction that were in favor of the scientific disciplines. In light of the findings the researcher proposed a number of recommendations

The family rôles of Algérien Tires in the light of some personal and Professional variables

2026-04-15T14:41:40+01:00

The study aimed to identify the ability level of tires employed by Sonalgaz Oran to perform their family roles,based on personal and organizational variables.The descriptive and analytical methods are used with a sample of (250) married tires whom chosen randomly. After processing the data using SPSS version 22, the results were:

The tires employees of Sonelgaz have a high ability to perform their family roles.

Lack of statistically significant differences in the ability to play family roles of employees working in Sonelgaz Company according to age, children number, and shift system.

The existence of statistically significant differences in the ability to play family roles of tires employees working in Sonelgaz Company depending on the nature of housing.

role of tourism media in marketing Algeria as a tourist destination practice study on a sample of tourism agencies in Batna

2026-04-15T14:52:47+01:00

This article addresses one of the most important issues in the tourism sector institutions, and in the marketing of tourist destination as a basic process in rising the tourism sector across the different active institutions in the field of tourism in Algeria, through the tourism media, which is the main way in the marketing of the destination Algeria tourist various of tourists whether local or foreign, which is roomier Algeria through the tourist agencies to market and promote the destination tourist of Algeria, especially with pluralism media tourist .

In this context, this study come To highlight on some factors and the Basic Rules of the marketing of the destination tourist of Algeria through the different of tourism media, has been using descriptive analytical method in this study used the questionnaire in the field side, which was distributed to the tourist agencies targeted the directors of tourist agencies, managers and where the capacity of a number of tourist agencies 23 agencies, has confirmed the results of the study on the relationship Connectivity between the marketing of tourist destination and media tourist through the point of view of directors of tourist agencies, and we argue that the value of the correlation coefficients (R) equal 0.79.

Selective internal migration between states in Algeria During the period 1998-2008

2026-04-16T08:23:32+01:00

Internal migration is a non-random phenomenon, with attractions and expulsion leading to the selection of immigrants by age group, gender, marital status, level of education, occupation and economic activity. This study aims to highlight the characteristics of migrants (internal migration) between the states in Algeria during the period 1998-2008, using the analytical descriptive approach and logistic regression method. In our work, we will try to determine the characteristics of demographic and social migrants. We will also try to address the relative increase of female migrant workers when we refer to the category of working age and production, we found that probability of migration of women, singles to urban areas.

Separation, rejection, excessive attachment towards others, and its relationship to academic failure (failure in the baccalaureate exam)

2026-04-19T11:03:52+01:00

This study deals with some psychological factors that contribute to academic failure (failure in the baccalaureate exam specifically in the areas of early, unadapted schemes that are in the field of separation, rejection, and excessive attachment towards others, which are considered as cognitive emotional structures that form from early childhood and affect behavior and emotion The knowledge and interpersonal relationships of the student. Therefore, this study attempts to verify the existence of a causal relationship between these areas and failure in the baccalaureate exam by revealing the differences of these factors for the category of successful and repeaters on the sample of its members: 188 successful and 168 failures in the the capital Algiers, Blida and Medea, by applying the Geoffrey Young scale for the diagrams and using the T TEST test to calculate the differences. The results concluded that there was a statistically significant causal relationship between the study variables.

The effect of using a computerized educational Program on the social communication skills, among the students of communication principles subject in the faculty of mass communication at the University of Petra.

2026-04-19T11:08:06+01:00

The study aimed to examining the effect of using a computerized educational Program on the social communication skills among the students of the principles of communication at the Faculty of Mass Communication at the University of Petra, study sample consisted of (60) students. Chosen intentionally, and divided equally into two control and experimental groups.

The study was based on a semi-experimental approach. To achieve the objectives of the study, communication skills scale were applied. For the purpose of statistical analysis in answering the study question, and to determine the direction of differences, the arithmetic means, standard deviations, independent sample T-test, ANCOVA were used. However, the validity and reliability tests were conducted for the study tools.

The Results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level of (α= 0.05) in the results of the level of social communication skills, in favor of the experimental group attributed to the educational program.

The study recommends the need to use various computerized educational Program in the teaching of university courses.

The Impact of Facebook advertisng on buying decision Stages

2026-04-19T11:13:44+01:00

This study aims to identify the importance of Facebook advertising in influencing the different stages of making a purchase decision by addressing first the concept of advertising through Facebook and then the most important features and methods adopted in this process.

In addition to the most important mechanisms provided by the site to interact with advertising, and then to focus on making a purchase decision by addressing the different concepts and roles played by the consumer.

We will also deal with the relationship that brings the advertisement to the purchase decision by identifying the role of advertising in influencing the buying behavior and then the most important functions performed by the advertisement in order to influence consumer purchasing decisions and factors that may trigger a purchasing response to him

Civilized positioning, Cultural Robbery and Their Effects

2026-04-19T11:18:26+01:00

The presents study aims at uncovering one aspect of the sociological, philosophical and ideological anchors which governed the relationship between the Arab ego and the European other as well as displaying the positioning idea existing in the folds of western thought speeches which express such thought bounds that enabled a realization of a cultural robbery through installing a pure picture for self. By the other hand, it excludes margin; this fakes up a confused picture for it and we wonder, are we obliged to believe in this excluding theory? If the answer is negative , what is the solution in the shade of this accelerated development of the European other in different levels? Finally, are we about to take an Islamic Arabic project so as to exit swagger status through healing the civilized crack and acknowledging the cultural identity.

Urban planing between reality and achievement

2026-04-19T11:21:34+01:00

Modern cities have witnessed recently an architectural model to follow in term of urban expansion in many developed country or others on their way for development, which have huge financial potentials and technology needed for building up such cities in order to reduce the population density problem . The idea of cities planning had arose after the second world war aiming at improving the social and economic conditions of the inhabitants.

The cities planning is a necessity to control the urban sprawl witnessed by the modern cities

Professional-Socio study of a group university graduates of the Ghardaia State The strategy of the university graduates in adapting to the requirements of the Algerian Labor market

2026-04-19T11:24:43+01:00

This article in which we relied on a field study, aims to know the strategies developed by university graduates, In adapting to the requirements of the labor market, After a total of field interviews, organized with a group of research graduates of the Algerian University, Who work in Algerian public and private enterprises, And some foreign enterprises in The State of Ghardaia, It turns out that there are a number of strategies adopted by this Category, We can sum it up in two groups: The first is individual strategies,The second is collective strategies, which can be considered from a sociological point of view as an adaptation by their part, to correct the range of imbalances associated with their composition pathways, revealed by the requirements of the labor market, And it's actually the result of a bunch of accumulated imbalances, in the academic system dominated by theory, There's a theory dominated, Often they do not respond to the demands of this constantly shifting and dynamic market.

The identity of patients with chronic disease forms a reconfiguration of the identity

2026-04-19T11:35:00+01:00

The topic of health and disease is one of the topics that occupies a critical importance and is a browser for the available scientific production. It is noted that health and disease have taken their luck from study and analysis in other fields of science such as medicine, biology, physiology and psychology, while they did not get enough luck from study and Analysis in sociology, despite the importance of the social dimension in understanding the disease and the patient, and therefore this study came to fill the existing shortage on the one hand and on the other hand the study aimed to approach health and disease in Algerian society with new approaches to understand the nature of the relationship between health and disease on the one hand and society from The other hand and m Through which he understands the nature of the meanings and messages that the patient's field of interaction sends and his view of it, and the cultural model adopted by the patient and interacts with her in the field of her original interaction and other social fields, so it becomes the model that directs her representations to her self and the meanings that she carries about herself, so she governs her actions and interactions and the impact of that On her individual identity

مواقع التواصل الإجتماعي و تشكيل القيم الإفتراضية لدى الشباب الجزائري –الفيسبوك نموذجا - دراسة تحليلية لعينة من شباب مدينة ورقلة المستخدم للفيسبوك

2026-04-19T11:38:41+01:00

The study aimed at finding out the contribution of the social networking site Facebook in the formation of the virtual values of the Algerian youth, which controls the behavior of the individual and .In this study we adopted the survey method, the research community was the youth of Ouargla as a sample for this study. Young people in Ouargla city are browsing Facebook site on a continuous and intensive basis despite the different contents and domains and the difference of influence from person to another, which led to the formation and implantation of some of the virtual values that matured in the behavior of young people and the contribution of Facebook site in its formation.

مشكلات الأطفال الموهوبين بين التشخيص والرعاية

2026-04-19T11:42:13+01:00

Among special aims is to consider and care about talented people for special education which ensures the development and progress of society. Due to what these disabled people can achieve to innovations , achievements and serious and authentic solution could calm people what they suffer from in modern era. This latter couldn’t be with out special car to this creative category and the unusual one ,which needs to be looked after in s special way. By knowing all steps to design plans suitable educational strategies for programme, special curricula and teaching methods that will taken into account talented people needs and their psychological ,mental and knowledgeable features which make them different from ordinary children. This study highlights the concept of talent and the main characteristics of this category. As well as the problem s that are faced and ways to detect and appropriate diagnostic mechanism and care to develop its capacity and satisfy their aspiration so as to be different ,and lead them to creativity and excellent performance

الممارسة التربوية في الجزائر بين الجتمعة و الدئتنة

2026-04-19T11:46:57+01:00

Le concept de pratique est un concept général où il ne se limite pas à la sociologie mais est commercialisé dans toutes les sciences et tous les domaines interprétés selon ses théories et ses pionniers. Tout comme les psychologues le voient, ce n’est pas un processus qui suit les exigences du système ou de la structure, et c’est ce que les constructeurs et les carriéristes ont mis au point, et ce n’est pas entre une classe, une autre classe, une tranche, et un autre segment, et c’est ce que le marxisme classique et moderne est venu avec, et aucun processus historique vu par les Sujet historiques. ou l’accumulation historique. D’un point de vue proche, c’est une relation interactive entre les acteurs sociaux dans les sphères sociales de ces derniers qui façonne leur propre modèle culturel, façonnant ainsi la nature de leur identité situationnelle.

The demographic determinants of scorpion poisoning in Algeria - Ouargla as a model from 2008 to 2018 -

2026-04-19T11:50:33+01:00

Because scorpion poisoning is a problem that threatens public health in Algeria in general and the desert regions in particular, as it is a geological habitat for scorpions, This study came to research the demographic determinants of scorpion poisoning and death in addition to measuring the extent of its spread in Ouargla Province as one of the most affected states, where the focus was on the most important demographic determinants contributing to that (gender, age, sting location, sting month, sting period), based on the data of the National Institute of Public Health (I.N.S.P) and the Directorate of Health, Population and Hospital Reform in the state during the period (2008-2018), the study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which are: the epidemiological situation of scorpion poisoning at the national and state levels, although it still registers high numbers, but it was known to be a decrease from the past years, on the other hand, there is a gender disparity in poisoning and death in favor of males, and most stings are in the homes during the July and August months in the evening and at night, in addition to stinging that increases with age and reaches its peak in the age group (15-49) years, however, his death occurs in the first ages (less than 15 years), at 51.81% in 2018.

Causes of inheritance disputes and their remedies.

2026-04-19T11:53:13+01:00

Although Islam takes care of inheritance funds, their distribution is not left to the diligence of the heirs and their choices,but ensures that they are well explained and detailed in detail,and taking care of their amounts in details ,However, the disputes and seizure are still present till today, and they are increasing, and it has become one of the most prominent social phenomena prevalent among the categories of society so as not to almost receive a family of them.Accordingly, this paper sought to explain and explain the reasons for such conflicts, whether religious, social, etc, Whether these causes relate to the behavior of the gene, or the behavior of some heirs, as research has shown the ways to reduce it as far as possible and effective means to do that.In the conclusion as the search results, the research required contacting imams, notaries and lawyers, identifying the largest number of disputes, and monitoring their causes and images in society

L’expérience des écoles privées en Algérie : Etude comparative des capacités cognitives et linguistiques entre des élèves scolarisés au sein de l’école publique et privée

2026-04-19T11:56:46+01:00

This research is a comparison between cognitive and linguistic skills, compared to the types of schools (private and public), it is based on the concerns of the social community, which cannot be placed on the effectiveness of one or the other, here are our results:- Cognitive skills: a slight difference in favour of students enrolled in private schools.- At the level of the Arabic language: a significant difference, public school students have greater linguistic efficiency than students in private schools.- At the level of the French language: a wide difference between the two schools in favour of students from private schools.

The main sources of information on infant mortality in Algeria

2026-04-19T11:59:32+01:00

This article discusses the major sources of data on infant mortality in Algeria and presents statistics derived from these sources in order to evaluate its completeness and compare the results obtained and conclusions based on the exploitation of each data source.

In this paper we try to describe the different data sources which are available in Algeria.

We also reveal that quantities of data potentially useful are gathered.

In Algeria, registration of vital events, regular periodic censuses, national sample surveys and health statistics are the most well-known sources of data for infant mortality analysis, but many of them aren’t subjected to analysis.

Some of these information’s are very useful for the study of infant mortality tendencies. Any problems of interpretation are often arising because the statistics which are usually collected by health services present bias that sometimes it is difficult to eliminate.

As clear from the comparison of these different sources that each of them has advantages and inconveniences