Paradigmes

On the Power of Literature and the Influence of itsMasterpieces EchoingSoliloquy

Foudil DAHOU — 2026-01-31

There are speeches that no one trulylistens to. These speeches are the pure products of solipsistslost in the furrows of indifferencebecause of their vain pretension to express themselves. Theirauthorsirrevocablycondemnthemselves to soliloquizing in the vast expanses of solitude; theirterritoriality has definitivelylostits grandeur becausetheirvoices have been reduced to the supreme silence of mute words; thosewhoseextremeresonances have vanishedforeverfrom the consciousness of humankind. Theseeventfulwords no longer possessanypassionate or reconcilingecho, neither simple nor multiple, neithermonosyllabicnorpolysyllabic; they have becomeunworthy of anyconsideration of space and time. Only Literaturecouldstillaccommodatetheirauthenticity.
Keywords:Literature, Masterpiece, Power, Influence, Writing

From Revolutionary Memory to Social Urgency The Didactic and Argumentative Turn of The Algerian Youth Novel in the Extreme Contemporary Period Analysis of Awareness and Sensitization Strategies in Salhi Djamel-Eddine’s Novel

Wahiba BERKAL — 2026-01-31

The evolution of Algerian literature in French marks a decisive shift from historical themes and memory (Mohammed Dib, Assia Djebar) towards direct social intervention against contemporary scourges. This article analyzes Salhi Djemel-Eddine’s youth novel, Le dévouement d’une mère, focused on the consequences of alcoholism and family abuse, as an archetype of this new direction. The study demonstrates that the work synergistically mobilizes the didactic, argumentative, and religious registers to directly engage its young reader. We examine how the formal devices – from direct address (the use of “tu”) to moral argumentation (the condemnation of the “great sin”), via a complete pedagogical engineering (illustrations, footnotes, and post-textual apparatus) – transform the narrative into a tool for awakening and social prevention. The novel thus aligns itself with a literature that prioritizes reader cooperation for immediate civic impact.

Tadjer’s Writing between Collective Memory and Protest From history to History

Khadidja GHEMRI — 2026-01-31

The colonial history of Algeria and the struggles for independence hold a central place in Algerian literature, where writers revisit this past in order to grasp its wounds and its enduring legacies. In De ruines et de gloire, Akli Tadjer fully situates his narrative within this dynamic by intertwining fiction with real historical events. Our study seeks to understand how the author mobilizes History to involve his fictional characters in Algeria’s struggles while simultaneously questioning collective memory. It also aims to show how the narrative weaves together individual and national memory to reveal the impact of History on personal destinies. Through this fusion of the real and the fictional, Tadjer conveys a living memory of Algerian resistance, making this past more tangible, accessible, and universal for the reader.

The Writing of the Extreme Contemporary A Deep Dive into Laëzza by Mohammed Dib

Yasmina LABED — 2026-01-31

Laëzza, the final work of Mohammed Dib, acts as a significant literary testament that delves into themes of alienation, disenchantment, and the search for identity. In this novella, Dib employs a fragmented and subversive writing style, challenging traditional narrative conventions. By blending various literary genres, including short stories, thoughts, and essays, the author crafts a unique and rich narrative space. The fragmented structure of Laëzza reflects the complexities of reality, where temporal markers are blurred, immersing the reader in a vertiginous experience where past, present, and future intertwine.

This narrative showcases the figure of Laëzza, an enigmatic character whose identity remains uncertain, symbolizing the internal struggles of individuals in a shifting post-colonial society. By revealing darker areas and addressing themes such as the body, desire, and abjection, Dib creates a work that transcends mere storytelling. Laëzza thus serves as a synthesis of Dib’s writing innovations while opening new avenues for contemporary Algerian and Francophone literature, making it an unclassifiable and profoundly human piece.

The Implicit Cultural Structures in the Algerian Feminine Novel Read L’Exil de l’âmeby Nassima Belmassaoud

Wefa BOURAS — 2026-01-31

Algerian women have played a major role in the advancement of Algerian society. They have held high positions and sacrificed precious values for a free and independent Algeria. Although women have been represented many times through numerous creative works, they have nevertheless remained marginalized and largely absent from the patriarchal and creative arena. Their literary production has not received sufficient attention and has continued to exist on the margins of both feminist literature and male-dominated literature, under the authority of a patriarchal society that has kept women’s voices in the shadows.

Within this context, this study, entitled “The Implicit Structures in Algerian Women’s Writing: Nassima Belmassaoud’s The Estrangement of the Soul as a Model,” seeks to uncover the cultural values embedded in Algerian women’s writing and to make them a subject of critical enrichment and discussion.

The Novel as a Laboratory of Reality Mustapha Benfodil and Samir Toumi

Fella GAOUDI — 2026-01-31

Since the dawn of the 21st century, Algerian literature has distinguished itself as a field of aesthetic renewal and universal thought. It evokes the memory of conflict, the search for identity, and globalization, offering innovative writing styles where multilingualism, fragmentation, and metatextuality serve as dynamic means of expression. This contemporary era, characterized by a dual tension – an adherence to a complex historical and linguistic memory – and access to a globalized, deterritorialized, and digital world, leads us to ask: how does contemporary Algerian literature revolutionize our vision of writing, the subject, and the world, and what is its contribution to the international literary landscape? This suggests that contemporary Algerian literature embodies an aesthetic revolution where language is transformed into a field of experimentation, where memory plays a poetic role, and pluralism represents a universal perspective. Therefore, we attempt here to examine how contemporary Algerian literature alters the perception of reality through an analysis of the works of Mustapha Benfodil and Samir Toumi. In this context, the novel is no longer simply a reflection of society; it becomes a laboratory of reality, a kind of platform for linguistic, media, and existential experimentation. For Benfodil, writing is transformed into performance and urban polyphony; while for Toumi, it is expressed through introspection and the clinical study of erasure.Comparing these two approaches, the analysis reveals how the contemporary Algerian novel creates a new aesthetic of the world, simultaneously local and universal, which updates narrative formats and the modes of authorial involvement.

Negotiated Algerian Identity Poetics and Maghreb Resonances in Contemporary Algerian Literature

Nadjette OUAMANE — 2026-01-31

This research focuses on analysing the underlying dynamics of contemporary French-language Algerian literature, a period marked by aesthetic rebellion and a break with traditional conventions. The fundamental focus of our research is to elucidate the repositioning of this new “Algerianness”– freed from previous constraints – within the Maghrebian geo-cultural space, by examining more specifically what this uninhibited and polymorphous stance reveals about its profound expectations of “Maghrebianness”. Our methodology proceeds by mapping ruptures, identi-fying formal subversion and interdisciplinarity as vectors of a new cognitive density. Structured around three converging axes, the present demon-stration establishes that post-2000 Algerian identity seeks to end its dialogue with immediate history, expecting nothing more from Maghrebi identity than vertical validation and unconditional recognition of its right to aesthetic autonomy. Thisresearch concludes that this Negotiated Algerian Identity is asserting itself as a dynamic pole of World Literature, requiring an epistemo-logical renewal of Maghreb critical tools.

Two Voices, Two Worlds Lexical Signatures and Discursive Architectures in Le sel de tous les oublis and Nulle autre voix

SouadBENELHADJ DJELLOUL — 2026-01-31

This article proposes a computer-assisted literary analysis of two major novels in contemporary Algerian literature: : Le sel de tous les oublisby Yasmina Khadra and Nulle autre voix by Maïssa Bey. Starting from the hypothesis that these two works, while sharing a post-traumatic context, embody two radically opposed narrative paradigms – social wandering and intimate confession – we mobilize textual analysis tools to quantify and visualize this structural divergence.

The methodology relies on a triangulation of tools from digital humanities: Orange Data Mining for visual lexical exploration, and Voyant Tools for analyzing contexts and syntagms. Data analysis reveals a centrifugal lexical structure in Khadra, organized around space, displacement, and social confrontation, while Bey’s lexicon is centripetal, focused on writing, memory, and the body as a site of trauma. Topic modeling (HDP) confirms this dichotomy by identifying distinct semantic constellations for each work.

By objectifying these lexical signatures, our study demonstrates how textual data analysis enriches critical hermeneutics, offering a reproducible and transparent method. Themes were evaluated according to their internal coherence and inter-run stability, validating the robustness of the results. This contribution combines scientific rigor and literary sensitivity, illustrating how digital humanities can serve contemporary Algerian criticism.

For an Enunciative Staging in Pile et face si c’était à refaire je prendrais le même cheminby Abla Guebbas

Noudjoud BOUKHENNOUFA — 2026-01-31

The enunciative staging in literary works constitutes a central object of analysis for understanding how the various modes of enunciation—encompassing, generic, and scenographic—contribute to the production of meaning and to the reader’s engagement. Situated within the field of literary discourse analysis, this study examines the interactions between the text, its socio-cultural context, and the reader’s interpretive activity. It considers, in particular, the socio-cultural frameworks that shape both the creation and reception of a literary work, the generic conventions that govern its discursive organization, and the textual devices that establish its atmospheric and aesthetic coherence. By articulating these three analytical dimensions, this research seeks to deepen the understanding of the multiplicity of meanings conveyed by literary discourse and their resonance with readers, while emphasizing the distinctive role of enunciative staging in autobio-graphical writing.

Keywords: Staging, Literary Works, Enunciation, Literary Discourse Analysis, Autobiographical Work.

La fin qui nous attend of Ryad Girod Desacralizing the Writing of the Blacque Decade or When No One Is Innocent

Rima BOUKABOUS — 2026-01-31

— This article analyzes Ryad Girod’s novel La fin qui nous attend (2015) as a representative work of Algerian postmodernity. We explore how Girod breaks with the conventions of “emergency literature” by addressing the events of the Black Decade through the lens of a desacralized and reclaimed myth of the Apocalypse. This study examines the scriptural specificities of Girod’s writing, which align it with a unique Algerian postmodernity defined by a rupture with the totalizing discourses of the past whileremaining a powerful tool for contesting Algeria’s socio-political realities.

Economic Discourse and Literary Imagination Representations of Economic Transformation in Contemporary Algerian Novels 2000–2025

Hassiba ALMI — 2026-01-31

This contribution examines how contemporary Algerian French-language novels (2000-2025) transform economic discourse into literary material. Drawing on a corpus of contemporary works – notably Nos richesses by Kaouther Adimi, L’Effacement by Samir Toumi, Bodywriting by Mustapha Benfodil, and 1994 by Adlène Meddi – we demonstrate how economic cate-gories (rent, capital, market, value) structure the novelistic imagination and renew identity issues. Our approach combines sociology of literature, dis-course analysis, and reflections on symbolic economies, while considering the institutional infrastructure of the Algerian literary field. This study reveals the emergence of a poetics of exchange where economics becomes a language for thinking about contemporary Algerianness caught in the tensions of globalization.

Keywords: Contemporary Algerian Literature, Economic Discourse, Symbolic Capital, Literary Field, Globalization.

Discourses of Female Exile and the Quest for Identity of The Self for an Eternal Return in Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement by Assia Djebar

Mohammed Salah DJOUDI — 2026-01-31

The exile of the femalecharacters to a new land isneverconceived as a definitivedeparture, not least becauseitisalways a more or lessforceduprooting, oftenprecipitated by history. Whatever the trigger –economic situation, politicalregime, war or naturaldisaster– the abandonment of the place of originimmediately exposes the femalecharacters to a profounddilemma. How do the femalecharacterscopewith the inevitableinnerconflictengendered by exile, and manage the clash of differenceswithinthemselves? And, above all, will a return to their homeland everbe an option? In this article, we propose to examine the strategies of novelisticdiscourseused in the Djebariantext in order to question and demonstrate the possible functions of resilience in the femalecharacters.

Keywords: Exile, Fragmented Identity, Wandering, Female Characters, Uprooting.

Ethos and Humanism of the Threshold at Malika Mokaddem From Revolt to Restorative Oblivion

Belkacem HADJ LAROUSSI — 2026-01-31

When literature manages to transcribe the feelings of each and every one of us, it fulfills its highest mission: to make individual experience a shared human experience. It is precisely this humanistic vocation that the work of Malika Mokaddem achieves, where personal narrative becomes an act of recognition and transmission. This article explores the development of ethos and humanism in the work of Malika Mokaddem, based on a detailed analysis of her novel Je dois tout à ton oubli(2008). In line with the trend of extreme contemporary, this formula, forged by Michel Chaillou and theorized by Dominique Viart, refers to writings that since the 1980s have focused on thinking about the fractures of today’s world: erasure of landmarks, shattering of identities, hybridization of forms. The writing of Mokaddem evolves from revolt towards reconciliation, from cry to appeased voice. This study, based on the examination of the poetics of forgetting conceived not as an erasure, but rather as a restorative action, highlights the change in the link with memory, language and the other. The author therefore reformulates the role of the writer-witness as a vector of humanity, building an authentic threshold humanism based on mobility, oral expression and mutual recognition. The article demonstrates that, in Mokaddem’s work, writing transforms into a gesture of discreet resistance and personal redefinition. Hence the term ethos in our title, where forgetting paves the way for a philosophy and an ethics of reconciliation and resilience.

Fabricating Time, Inhabiting the Breach Algerian Extreme Contemporary Writing as a Poetics of Utopian Historicity Regimes

Ilham DJERADI — 2026-01-31

— This article seeks to propose an operative definition of the “extreme contemporary” in Algerian novelistic writing, conceiving it as an narrative response to the presentist crisis—this temporal rupture and double debt theorized by Hartog (2003). Drawing on Ricœur’s hermeneutics, it shows how the novels of Adimi, Daoud, and Benfodil do not thematize the crisis but rather produce, through writing, utopian regimes of historicity. Linked to specific forms of knowledge (epic, mantic, testimonial), these regimes construct scriptural counter-societies and alternative temporalities: a third time of communal foundation, a poetic time of reparative liturgy, and a suspended time of the archaeology of chaos. The study concludes that this narrative fabrication of time dynamically constitutes a literary algerianity, defined as a creative process of inhabiting the rupture.

Female Figures and the Reconfigurations of the Literary Field in the Extreme Contemporary Creative Dynamics Renewed Visibility, and the Contribution of Female Voices to Contemporary Literature

Amel ELMERIAH — 2026-01-31

Extreme contemporary literature is characterized by formal experimentation and its capacity to challenge narrative and cultural norms. Within this context, women occupy an increasingly significant and influential position as authors, editors, and critics, actively contributing to the transformation of literary imaginaries and practices. This study examines how female voices shape and reinvent the contemporary literary field, analyzing aesthetic strategies, thematic explorations, and associated sociocultural issues. It highlights that women’s presence goes beyond mere represent-ation, actively participating in the reconfiguration of genres, forms, and modes of reception. The methodology combines literary analysis of texts, observation of editorial trends, and interviews with representative authors, allowing for both theoretical and empirical insights. Findings reveal inno-vative writing practices, diversified thematic concerns, and enhanced visibility of female perspectives within a space historically dominated by male hierarchies. The study also emphasizes the importance of acknowledging women’s contributions within institutional, media, and critical frameworks that structure the circulation of works. By adopting an analytical and affirmative perspective, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the transformative dynamics of the contemporary literary landscape and the emergence of new voices. It also proposes avenues for promoting and disseminating female creative practices, consolidating their role in defining and renewing extreme contemporary literature. This work ultimately affirms the centrality of female authors in shaping the evolution and richness of today’s literary field.

Keywords: Women, Contemporary Literature, Extreme Contemporary, Female Voices, Narrative Innovation.

From the Historical Novel to the Documentary Essay GenericHybridization in Ahmed Bencherif’s Work as a Driving Force of Renewal in Contemporary Algerian Literature

Ourida HEDDOUCHE — 2026-01-31

This article examines the genericevolution of Ahmed Bencherif’swork, characterized by the transition from the historicalnovel to the documentaryessay, as a key factor in the renewal of contemporary Algerian literature. Drawing on a corpus composed of an in-depth interview and a biographicaltext, the studyadopts a qualitative and hermeneuticapproachthat combines genericanalysis, sociocritical perspectives, and discourseanalysis. The findingsdemonstratethatthisgenerichybridizationconstitutes a literary and epistemicstrategyaimed at articulating narrative sensibilitywithscholarlylegitimacy. While the historicalnovel enables the re-embodiment of marginalized or silencedhistoricalevents, the documentaryessay, grounded in archivalresearch, provideshistoriographical and argumentative authority. This dynamicalignswith a postcolonial logic of narrative correction, serving the defense of Algerian identitywhilesimultaneouslyopening the work to a universal horizon. The studythus highlights Bencherif’s contribution to the reconfiguration of the relationshipsbetweenhistory, memory, and literature in contemporary Algerian writing.

Keywords: ContemporaryAlgerian Literature, Historical Novel, Documentary Essay, GenericHybridization, Identity.

Conquering Literariness: Aesthetic Mutations in Contemporary Algerian Fiction Dream Fantastic, Humor and Hybrid Writings

Faiza TALI — 2026-01-31

This article examines the formal transformations that characterize Algerian novelistic production since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Drawing on the analysis of representative works by Assia Djebar, Yasmina Khadra, Adlène Meddi, and Rabia Djelti, we show how the use of dreamlike, fantastical, and humorous registers, as well as hybrid forms of writing, contributes to the emergence of a more assertive litera-riness. These formal choices not only enable an aesthetic renewal but also offer critical perspectives on History and help redefine a plural “Algerianness.”

Keywords: Algerian Literature, Literariness, Oneirism, Hybrid Writing, Humor.

Contemporary Algerian Literature of French Expression on Facebook New Language Practices Microfiction and Dematerialization of Writing

Yaâkoub MOUMNI — 2026-01-31

This study focuses primarily on the transformations of contemporary Algerian literature in French and its entry into the world of social networks, particularly Facebook. Through the analysis of several Algerian Facebook pages and groups available online, this research demonstrates the emergence of new forms of writing (microfiction, dematerialization of literary media) as well as the rise of self-publishing, where the author takes on the roles of author, publisher, and distributor.

It should be noted that this research also shows the evolution of language practices among Algerian writers through the integration of digital neologisms (hashtag, buzz, email, etc.), the adoption of an informal register, and the use of French infused with Algerian culture and languages.

The analysis of a significant number of texts written on Facebook pages by contemporary writers such as Ahcène Mariache, Belkacem Bouasria Ouldabderrahmane, Azouz Begag, Belhadj Tahar Aïssa, Yasmina Khadra, Lynda Chouiten, clearly reveals how digital social platforms have reconfigured the Algerian literary field by creating new spaces for literary production that negotiate between Francophone tradition and digital modernity, between linguistic norms and language creativity, thus opening up new horizons for a literature in direct proximity to its Algerian readership.

Paradoxes Surrounding the Reception of Francophone African Writers Sami Tchak or the Writer’s Color

Paul Youba KIEBRE — 2026-01-31

In Les Frontières racialisées de la littérature française. Contrôle au faciès et stratégies de passage (2017), S. Burnautzki reminds us that Bourdieu's theory of fields is not solely rooted in a commercial perspective and a rejection of mass culture, but is also permeated by an unacknowledged racial and colonial bias that shapes the conditions of reception. Francophone writers from sub-Saharan Africa, whose production, distribution, and reception depend almost entirely on Paris, find themselves in an ambivalent situation of appreciation and acceptance both in France and in Africa, their continent of origin. On the one hand, the global literary establishment, from which they are honored with prestigious literary prizes, does not (necessarily) grant their publications added value, and on the other hand, in Africa, they remain less widely read due to several factors, including the controversies that their fiction can sometimes provoke.

This study focuses specifically on the reflections of Sami Tchak, a Togolese author living in France since 1986, and winner of several literary prizes in both Europe and Africa. Following repeated questions he receives during meetings between writers and readers, he wrote an autobiography entitled La Couleur de l’écrivain, in which he addresses the challenges of the reception of so-called “Afrosporic” writers, of whom he is a leading figure. To better understand the aforementioned work, we will first examine the question of identity and race as obstacles to the symbolic recognition of Francophone African writers within the French literary field. Then, through the concept of “literature of the rich/literature of the poor”, we will explore how the trajectory of African writers based in Europe gives rise to a double paradox in terms of their reception.

Popular Discourse and Implicit Structures Heritage Cultural Productions as an Analytical Model

Brahim KORICHI — 2026-01-31

Our study aims to highlight the implicit cultural structures notably present in heritage cultural productions, considered both as a specific discourse and as a form of popular literature manifested through masterful aesthetic techniques. Deeply rooted in cultural anthropology, it attempts to answer questions such as: Why can’t one point at a grave? Why shouldn’t a young girl crunch her bread too much when preparing it? Why is it forbidden to tell stories to children during the day? And why is it prohibited to sweep doorsteps with one’s feet?

Starting from these Socratic questions, our research leads to fundamental sociocultural issues; however, in its quest for meaning, it can only be conducted by thoroughly exploring these cultural holons in their historical existence, their cultural, social, and psychological dimensions, rigorously employing the tools of cultural criticism. Indeed, uncovering implicit cultural patterns within a sui generis discourse requires an exploratory approach comparable to an archaeological dig, due to the complexities and layers that characterize discourses and hinder access to what remains latent within them.
Keywords: Folk Monuments, Implicit Scheme, Aesthetic Processes, Cultural Structures, Popular Literature

Literary Creativity The Role of Chance in the Writer’s Neuropsychological Process

FFatima Zohra HADJ ATTOU — 2026-01-31

This paper examines the role of chance in the writer’s neuropsychological process and its impact on literary creativity. It focuses on the interaction between unforeseen, often unconscious, events and the cognitive and emotional mechanisms mobilised during the act of writing. Based on re-research in neuroscience and cognitive psychology, this study analyses how the writer’s brain integrates these random elements, enabling spontaneous ideas to be transformed into structured literary creations. From this perspective, chance is more than a mere coincidence; it becomes a factor that stimulates the imagination, capable of inducing narrative innovation and broadening creative horizons. This re-thinking sheds new light on the complexity of the creative process, highlighting the dynamic interplay between conscious control and spontaneity in literary production, and adopting a multidisciplinary approach.

Keywords: Randomness, Neuropsychology, Literary Creativity, Writer, Creative Process.

Aesthetics of Female Rebellion Strategies in Femme Infidèleby Sadamba Tcha-Koura

Thierry DJIMEU NKONKO — 2026-01-31

This study examines the aesthetic strategies deployed by Sadamba Tcha-Koura to represent female rebellion in Femme infidèle. Through a sociocritical and gender-based approach, the analysis reveals how the novel goes beyond mere denunciation to construct a genuine literary project for the refoundation of social relations. The article demonstrates that the work articulates three complementary dimensions: an essentialist chronotope as a framework of oppression, stylistic strategies of subversion, and a constructionist vision of gender relations.

Keywords: Aesthetics, Female Rebellion, Sociocriticism, Gender Approach, Living-Together.

A Semio-Rhetorical Study of Visual Mystical Representations Spirituality and Transcendence

Amel SELT — 2026-01-31

This article proposes to examine, from a semiotic perspective, visual representations that address the spiritual and transcendent aspects through figurative images. These images, while recognizable and concrete, present a compelling space for perception and interpretation. However, how does the semiotic approach to the image allow us to understand the mystical dimension in visual representations? Through a corpus of images from diverse cultures, we will attempt to verify that semiotic analysis can reveal the mystical dimension by identifying and deciphering visual codes: iconic, plastic, and linguistic. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the contribution of this approach as a tool for revealing mystical meanings that are not always immediately apparent.

Keywords: Semiotic Approach, Image, Representation, Mysticism, Meaning.

Rethinking University Creative Writing Joint Contributions fromAndragogy Otagogy and Neuroscience

Samia MOUFFOUK — 2026-01-31

This article examines an innovative pedagogicalexperimentconducted at Batna 2 University within the Text Reading and Study module. The studyanalyzes the effectiveness of a hybridframeworkintegratingandragogy (Knowles), heutagogy (Hase & Kenyon), and cognitive neuroscience. Adopting a qualitative action-research design, the experiment relies on a creativewriting workshop utilizing the Hero’s Journey narrative modeling and prioritizinghandwriting. The direct outcome and tangible result of thisexperimentis the publication of the collective short story collection Éclats d’Âme. Resultsdemonstrate a substantial progression in narrative coherence (from 30% to 85%) and learnerempowermentthrough double-looplearning. The analysisconcludeswith the relevance of “neuro-andragogy” in restoringstudent engagement in the 21st century.

Keywords: Creative Writing, Andragogy, Heutagogy, Cognitive Neuroscience, Action Research.

Quranic Semantics and the Power of Interpretation The Language of the Face and Eyes

Keltoum MEDAKENE — 2026-01-31

— Among the organs of the human body, the face stands out as one of the most expressive and communicative. Therefore, our study focused on the meaning of facial language and one of its essential extensions: the eye. Based on this, the research was structured to extract meaning and offer an interpretation in light of the Quranic text and its individual understanding. It also examined its everyday uses in societies, taking into account their cultural, religious, and environmental contexts. The study attempted to highlight the varying meanings of the two terms in the different contexts in which they appear in the Quranic discourse. Thus, we identified a plurality of meanings, sometimes divergent and even contradictory, depending on the context in which they are used.

Keywords: Face, Quran, Communication, Meaning, Body Language

The Adjective and the Expression of Quality in Kabyle Syntactic and Semantic Behavior

DrSalem DJEMAI — 2026-01-31

In this article, we studied the morphosyntactic behaviour of adjectives and attempted to study their limits. We saw how adjectives are inserted into propositions (with their two functions, that of epithet and that of predicate), the different modifiers they admit, the possible complements they can be provided with and the coordination they are allowed (between them or with the elements that accompany them at the syntagmatic level). We also addressed the issues of the proximity of adjectives with nouns and the similarity that adjectives can have with other syntactic structures regarding the expression of quality.

Keywords: Adjective, Noun, Expression Of Quality, Syntax, Kabyle.

Social Restraint and the Organization of Tribal Society according to Ibn Khaldûn The Power of Inner Consciousness

Abdelqahhar BOUHAFS — 2026-01-31

this paper studies the motive as social force and as a natural necessity for the establishment and functioning of tribal society according to Ibn Khaldûn expression, trying in This regard to clarify its importance in establishing the rules of state on the one hand and in organizing the Relationship of individuals ith each other for the sake of cooperation and the preservation of the human species on the other hand, due to the impossibility of people’s survival. Chaos without a ruler spreads aggression against each other. This study ill also attempt clarify the forms of motives according to Ibn Khaldûn (internal and external) in the Bedouin and urban settings and to sheikh forms are of greater importance according to Ibn Khaldûn, heather in ensuring the external security of the tribe in establishing the central authority of the state. Finally, This paper attempts to give a clear Picture of the role of conscience as a defensive force for tribal society or a force demanding political authority.

Keywords:Nomadism, Tribal Society, Social Dismissal, Defending Force, Tribal Organization.