Can we really describe autism on a spectrum? Continuity or Discontinuity
Résumé
La notion de « Trouble du Spectre de l’Autisme » (TSA) est examinée à la lumière de trois types de données : la diversité des formes cliniques, la variété des évolutions et des trajectoires développementales. L’idée selon laquelle on peut ordonner ces formes sur une seule dimension mérite d’être discutée. En effet, l’importance des différences entre deux formes extrêmes comme un « autisme franc » et un « autisme profond » remet singulièrement en cause l’unité de l’autisme telle qu’elle est définie aujourd’hui. Ces différences concernent la symptomatologie, les trajectoires développementales et les spécificateurs. La question qu’auront donc à traiter les prochaines nosographies est la problématique de la continuité ou de la discontinuité entre ces formes cliniques
Références
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Bottema-Beutel, K., Kapp, S. K., Sasson, N., Gernsbacher, M. A., Natri, H., & Botha, M. (2023). Anti-ableism and scientific accuracy in autism research: a false dichotomy. Front Psychiatry, 14, 1 244 451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244451
Clarke, E. B., McCauley, J. B., Lutz, A., Gotelli, M., Sheinkopf, S. J., & Lord, C. (2024). Understanding profound autism: implications for stigma and supports. Front Psychiatry, 15, 1 287 096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1287096
Cortese, S., Solmi, M., Michelini, G., Bellato, A., Blanner, C., Canozzi, A., Eudave, L., Farhat, L. C., Højlund, M., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Leffa, D. T., Rohde, C., de Pablo, G. S., Vita, G., Wesselhoeft, R., Martin, J., Baumeister, S., Bozhilova, N. S., Carlisi, C. O.,… Correll, C. U. (2023). Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review. World Psychiatry, 22(1), 129‑149. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21037
Douard, E., Zeribi, A., Schramm, C., Tamer, P., Loum, M. A., Nowak, S., Saci, Z., Lord, M.-P., Rodríguez-Herreros, B., Jean-Louis, M., Moreau, C., Loth, E., Schumann, G., Pausova, Z., Elsabbagh, M., Almasy, L., Glahn, D. C., Bourgeron, T., Labbe, A., … Jacquemont, S. (2020). Effect Sizes of Deletions and Duplications on Autism Risk Across the Genome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(1), 87‑98. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080834
Fein D., Barton M., Eigsti IM., Kelley E., Naigles. L, Schultz RT., Stevens M., Helt M, Orinstein A., Rosenthal M., Troyb. E, Tyson K. (2013).The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 54(2):195-205. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12037.
Fombonne, E. (2018). Editorial: The Rising prevalence of autism. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 59, 7, 717-720.
Franchini, M., Smith, I. M., Sacrey, L., Duku, E., Brian, J., Bryson, S. E., Vaillancourt, T., Armstrong, V., Szatmari, P., Roberts, W., Roncadin, C., &Zwaigenbaum, L. (2023). Continuity of trajectories of autism symptom severity from infancy to childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(6), 895‑906. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13744
Frigaux, A., Evrard, R., &Lighezzolo-Alnot, J. (2019). [ADI-R and ADOS and the differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders: Interests, limits and openings]. L’Encéphale, 45(5), 441‑448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2019.07.002
Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 613‑627.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1
Green, J. (2023). Debate: Neurodiversity, autism and healthcare. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(3), 438-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12663
Green, J. (2024). Debate: Responses to commentaries - neurodiversity, autism and healthcare. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 29(1), 99-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12691
Hawkins, R. (2023). Commentary: Reviewing neurodiversity, autism, and healthcare by Jonathan Green (2023) from an autistic perspective. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(3), 446-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12668
Hong, J. S., Singh, V., Kalb, L., Ashkar, A., & Landa, R. (2021). Replication study of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 14(6), 1284‑1295. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2496
Lord, C., Charman, T., Havdahl, A., Carbone, P., Anagnostou, E., Boyd, B., Carr, T., de Vries, P. J., Dissanayake, C., Divan, G., Freitag, C. M., Gotelli, M. M., Kasari, C., Knapp, M., Mundy, P., Plank, A., Scahill, L., Servili, C., Shattuck, P., . . . McCauley, J. B. (2022). The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism. Lancet, 399(10 321), 271-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5
Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., Gan, W., Lu, F., Martin, D. M., Ousley, O., Guy, L., Bernier, R., Gerdts, J., Algermissen, M., Whitaker, A., Sutcliffe, J. S., Warren, Z., Klin, A., Saulnier, C., Hanson, E., Hundley, R., Piggot, J., Fombonne, E., … Risi, S. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(3), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148
Mesa, A. (2023). Euphemism has no place in the pages of autism research. Autism Res, 16(4), 682. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur 2911
Mottron, L, & Bzdok, D. Autism spectrum heterogeneity: fact or artifact? Mol psychiatry. 2020 Dec; 25 (12): 3178- 3185.
Mottron, L., & Gagnon, D. (2024). Debate: How far can we modify the expression of autism by modifying the environment? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 29(1), 101-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12686
Mottron, L., Gagnon, D., & Courchesne, V. (2023). Severity should be distinguished from prototypicality. Autism Res, 16(9), 1658-1659. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2986
Natri, H. M., Abubakare, O., Asasumasu, K., Basargekar, A., Beaud, F., Botha, M., Bottema-Beutel, K., Brea, M. R., Brown, L. X. Z., Burr, D. A., Cobbaert, L., Dabbs, C., Denome, D., Rosa, S. D. R., Doherty, M., Edwards, B., Edwards, C., Liszk, S. E., Elise, F., . . . Zisk, A. H. (2023). Anti-ableist language is fully compatible with high-quality autism research: Response to Singer et al. (2023). AutismRes, 16(4), 673-676. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2928
Parlatini, V., Bellato, A., Gabellone, A., Margari, L., Marzulli, L., Matera, E., Petruzzelli, M. G., Solmi, M., Correll, C. U., &Cortese, S. (2024). A state-of-the-art overview of candidate diagnostic biomarkers for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 24(4), 259‑271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2024.2333277
Russell, G., Mandy, W., Elliott, D., White, R., Pittwood, T., & Ford, T. (2019). Selection bias on intellectual ability in autism research: a cross-sectional review and meta-analysis. Mol Autism, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0260-x
Singer, A., Lutz, A., Escher, J., & Halladay, A. (2023). A full semantic toolbox is essential for autism research and practice to thrive. Autism Res, 16(3), 497-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2876
Uljarević, M., Frazier, T. W., Jo, B., Billingham, W. D., Cooper, M. N., Youngstrom, E. A., Scahill, L., & Hardan, A. Y. (2022). Big Data Approach to Characterize Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(3), 446 457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.006
Wachtel, L. E., Escher, J., Halladay, A., Lutz, A., Satriale, G. M., Westover, A., & Lopez-Arvizu, C. (2024). Profound Autism: An Imperative Diagnosis. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 71(2), 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2023.12.005
Waizbard-Bartov, E., & Miller, M. (2023). Does the severity of autism symptoms change over time? A review of the evidence, impacts, and gaps in current knowledge. Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102230
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Fein, D., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Autism severity and its relationship to disability. Autism Res, 16(4), 685-696. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2898
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Fein, D., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Response to Mottron et al. (2023) and Woods et al. (2023). Autism Res, 16(9), 1660-1661. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2982
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Ferrer, E., Heath, B., Andrews, D. S., Rogers, S., Kerns, C. M., Wu Nordahl, C., Solomon, M., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Changes in the severity of autism symptom domains are related to mental health challenges during middle childhood. Autism, 13 623 613 231 195 108. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231195108
Whitehouse, A. (2023). Commentary: A spectrum for all ? A response to Green et al. (2023), neurodiversity, autism and health care. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(3), 443-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12666
Woods, R., Williams, K., & Watts, C. (2023). “Profound autism”: The dire consequences of diagnostic overshadowing. Autism Res, 16(9), 1656-1657. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2985
Word Health Organization. (2021).The ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Bottema-Beutel, K., Kapp, S. K., Sasson, N., Gernsbacher, M. A., Natri, H., & Botha, M. (2023). Anti-ableism and scientific accuracy in autism research: a false dichotomy. Front Psychiatry, 14, 1 244 451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244451
Clarke, E. B., McCauley, J. B., Lutz, A., Gotelli, M., Sheinkopf, S. J., & Lord, C. (2024). Understanding profound autism: implications for stigma and supports. Front Psychiatry, 15, 1 287 096. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1287096
Cortese, S., Solmi, M., Michelini, G., Bellato, A., Blanner, C., Canozzi, A., Eudave, L., Farhat, L. C., Højlund, M., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Leffa, D. T., Rohde, C., de Pablo, G. S., Vita, G., Wesselhoeft, R., Martin, J., Baumeister, S., Bozhilova, N. S., Carlisi, C. O.,… Correll, C. U. (2023). Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review. World Psychiatry, 22(1), 129‑149. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21037
Douard, E., Zeribi, A., Schramm, C., Tamer, P., Loum, M. A., Nowak, S., Saci, Z., Lord, M.-P., Rodríguez-Herreros, B., Jean-Louis, M., Moreau, C., Loth, E., Schumann, G., Pausova, Z., Elsabbagh, M., Almasy, L., Glahn, D. C., Bourgeron, T., Labbe, A., … Jacquemont, S. (2020). Effect Sizes of Deletions and Duplications on Autism Risk Across the Genome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(1), 87‑98. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080834
Fein D., Barton M., Eigsti IM., Kelley E., Naigles. L, Schultz RT., Stevens M., Helt M, Orinstein A., Rosenthal M., Troyb. E, Tyson K. (2013).The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 54(2):195-205. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12037.
Fombonne, E. (2018). Editorial: The Rising prevalence of autism. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 59, 7, 717-720.
Franchini, M., Smith, I. M., Sacrey, L., Duku, E., Brian, J., Bryson, S. E., Vaillancourt, T., Armstrong, V., Szatmari, P., Roberts, W., Roncadin, C., &Zwaigenbaum, L. (2023). Continuity of trajectories of autism symptom severity from infancy to childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(6), 895‑906. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13744
Frigaux, A., Evrard, R., &Lighezzolo-Alnot, J. (2019). [ADI-R and ADOS and the differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders: Interests, limits and openings]. L’Encéphale, 45(5), 441‑448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2019.07.002
Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 613‑627.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1
Green, J. (2023). Debate: Neurodiversity, autism and healthcare. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(3), 438-442. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12663
Green, J. (2024). Debate: Responses to commentaries - neurodiversity, autism and healthcare. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 29(1), 99-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12691
Hawkins, R. (2023). Commentary: Reviewing neurodiversity, autism, and healthcare by Jonathan Green (2023) from an autistic perspective. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(3), 446-448. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12668
Hong, J. S., Singh, V., Kalb, L., Ashkar, A., & Landa, R. (2021). Replication study of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification. Autism Research: Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research, 14(6), 1284‑1295. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2496
Lord, C., Charman, T., Havdahl, A., Carbone, P., Anagnostou, E., Boyd, B., Carr, T., de Vries, P. J., Dissanayake, C., Divan, G., Freitag, C. M., Gotelli, M. M., Kasari, C., Knapp, M., Mundy, P., Plank, A., Scahill, L., Servili, C., Shattuck, P., . . . McCauley, J. B. (2022). The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism. Lancet, 399(10 321), 271-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5
Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., Gan, W., Lu, F., Martin, D. M., Ousley, O., Guy, L., Bernier, R., Gerdts, J., Algermissen, M., Whitaker, A., Sutcliffe, J. S., Warren, Z., Klin, A., Saulnier, C., Hanson, E., Hundley, R., Piggot, J., Fombonne, E., … Risi, S. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(3), 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.148
Mesa, A. (2023). Euphemism has no place in the pages of autism research. Autism Res, 16(4), 682. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur 2911
Mottron, L, & Bzdok, D. Autism spectrum heterogeneity: fact or artifact? Mol psychiatry. 2020 Dec; 25 (12): 3178- 3185.
Mottron, L., & Gagnon, D. (2024). Debate: How far can we modify the expression of autism by modifying the environment? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 29(1), 101-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12686
Mottron, L., Gagnon, D., & Courchesne, V. (2023). Severity should be distinguished from prototypicality. Autism Res, 16(9), 1658-1659. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2986
Natri, H. M., Abubakare, O., Asasumasu, K., Basargekar, A., Beaud, F., Botha, M., Bottema-Beutel, K., Brea, M. R., Brown, L. X. Z., Burr, D. A., Cobbaert, L., Dabbs, C., Denome, D., Rosa, S. D. R., Doherty, M., Edwards, B., Edwards, C., Liszk, S. E., Elise, F., . . . Zisk, A. H. (2023). Anti-ableist language is fully compatible with high-quality autism research: Response to Singer et al. (2023). AutismRes, 16(4), 673-676. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2928
Parlatini, V., Bellato, A., Gabellone, A., Margari, L., Marzulli, L., Matera, E., Petruzzelli, M. G., Solmi, M., Correll, C. U., &Cortese, S. (2024). A state-of-the-art overview of candidate diagnostic biomarkers for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 24(4), 259‑271. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2024.2333277
Russell, G., Mandy, W., Elliott, D., White, R., Pittwood, T., & Ford, T. (2019). Selection bias on intellectual ability in autism research: a cross-sectional review and meta-analysis. Mol Autism, 10, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-019-0260-x
Singer, A., Lutz, A., Escher, J., & Halladay, A. (2023). A full semantic toolbox is essential for autism research and practice to thrive. Autism Res, 16(3), 497-501. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2876
Uljarević, M., Frazier, T. W., Jo, B., Billingham, W. D., Cooper, M. N., Youngstrom, E. A., Scahill, L., & Hardan, A. Y. (2022). Big Data Approach to Characterize Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(3), 446 457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.006
Wachtel, L. E., Escher, J., Halladay, A., Lutz, A., Satriale, G. M., Westover, A., & Lopez-Arvizu, C. (2024). Profound Autism: An Imperative Diagnosis. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 71(2), 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2023.12.005
Waizbard-Bartov, E., & Miller, M. (2023). Does the severity of autism symptoms change over time? A review of the evidence, impacts, and gaps in current knowledge. Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102230
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Fein, D., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Autism severity and its relationship to disability. Autism Res, 16(4), 685-696. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2898
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Fein, D., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Response to Mottron et al. (2023) and Woods et al. (2023). Autism Res, 16(9), 1660-1661. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2982
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Ferrer, E., Heath, B., Andrews, D. S., Rogers, S., Kerns, C. M., Wu Nordahl, C., Solomon, M., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Changes in the severity of autism symptom domains are related to mental health challenges during middle childhood. Autism, 13 623 613 231 195 108. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231195108
Whitehouse, A. (2023). Commentary: A spectrum for all ? A response to Green et al. (2023), neurodiversity, autism and health care. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(3), 443-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12666
Woods, R., Williams, K., & Watts, C. (2023). “Profound autism”: The dire consequences of diagnostic overshadowing. Autism Res, 16(9), 1656-1657. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2985
Word Health Organization. (2021).The ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Publiée
2025-09-10
Rubrique
Dossier thématique
